NEWS
Artificial Intelligence as Inventor
What is DABUS and How Did It Invent
An AI machine program called DABUS was created as a series of neural networks trained with general information. One of the support team is Dr. Stephen Thaler. Thaler claims DABUS was not made to solve a specific problem in a particular technology area. It certainly was never trained with specific technical data relevant to the invention. However, DABUS, without human assistance, created a novel solution to a problem. That invention has been the subject of patent applications in Europe, the UK, and the US, and in South Africa.
Patent Offices Require Human Inventors
Most patent offices have a requirement that inventors be individual human persons. The US, the UK and Europe all rejected Thaler’s patent application on behalf of DABUS for that reason. South Africa has granted the patent application, but their procedures don’t require a substantive search and examination of patent applications. If the paperwork is in order and the requirements are met, the patent will be granted.
Historical Reasons for Human-Only Inventorship
There are various traditional reasons for requiring individual humans as inventors. The language of the Patent Act seems to require a natural person. It’s loaded with terms such as “whoever”, “himself/herself”, and “individual” in referencing the inventor. There are also actions described that can only be performed by a human being, such as directing an inventor to execute an oath or declaration.
Legal Conception and the USPTO Standard
There is a further consideration based on the legal tests for ‘conception’. According to the USPTO, these tests consider conception in the human mind, meaning only natural persons can be considered inventors.
How General AI Challenges Traditional Patent Rules
These traditional arguments, however, are running up against the evolving nature of artificial general intelligence. Narrow artificial intelligence environments have been used to identify compounds for use in some drugs. Human input, however, set up the parameters and human input was required to test the compounds.
Such discoveries really don’t meet the kind of inventive conception patent offices are referring to. But in the case of general AI, the environment itself was created by humans, but not to solve specific problems. In this case, the AI generated an invention- came up with a solution to an existing problem- without specific prompting. Dr. Thaler argues he can claim inventor status for the AI, but he added no conceptual step in the particular invention. Therefore it wouldn’t be just to list him as the inventor.
Can AI Be Considered an Inventor?
Counter arguments for these might be a less textual, broader interpretation of the language. Clearly, AI was inconceivable when the original tests were outlined. And inventor identity requirements have more to do with dispute resolution than determining the source of innovation.
Arguments for Expanding Inventorship to AI
Why should the system be opened up to include AI environments as inventors?
One argument, by Ryan Abbot, is that patent protection for AI generated works will incentivize innovation. No one is suggesting that patent protection would motivate an AI. Expanding inventorship would motivate those who develop inventive AI to continue doing so, which, in the end, would benefit society.
Incentivizing Innovation Through AI Patents
The patent system is designed to protect inventors, while disclosing information that would be of value to society. Failing to allow AI generated inventions would discourage businesses from using it, even if it proves more effective than people in solving certain problems.
Protecting Human Inventors While Listing AI
There is also an interesting twist to allowing AI to be listed as the inventor. It may protect the rights of human inventors. Listing the owner of the AI as the inventor for an AI generated invention isn’t unfair to the AI. It can’t have any concern about such a matter. But it does allow people to take credit for work they didn’t do. This may ultimately devalue human inventorship, by putting the work of someone who asks an AI to solve a problem on the same level as someone legitimately inventing something new.
The Future of AI in Patent Law
AI systems would still not own patents since they lack the legal and moral rights to own property. But listing an AI as the inventor isn’t about providing rights to machines. It’s about protecting the rights of human inventors and the integrity of the patent system.
For more on AI and Inventorship: Can an AI be an inventor?
Appealing Patent Decisions- How likely are they to be reversed?
Over the last 5 years (FY 2017-2021) about 61 percent of the cases at the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC) concern patents. There are three sources for those cases: District Courts, the PTO, and the International Trade Commission (ITC).
Of those three sources, the PTO has provided 63% of the cases, the District Courts have provided most of the remainder, and the ITC has provided a handful.
How many of these cases were reversed? Roughly 12% were overturned overall.
Of the cases that came from the PTO, 11% were reversed. Of the cases that came from the District Courts, 13% were reversed. Finally, of the handful of cases that came from the ITC, 12% were reversed. But the last two years produced no reversals from the ITC-originated cases. 2018 saw 33% of the ITC-originated cases reversed, while 2017 and 2019 saw 14% and 13% respectively.
So overall, patent related appeals take up just under 61% of the CAFC’s total cases, and of those, only about 12% are reversed.
All data was taken from the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit’s Reports and Statistics pages.
https://cafc.uscourts.gov/home/the-court/reports-statistics/
De Minimis Defense Doesn’t Necessarily Mean Minimal Use
Understanding the Meaning of “De Minimis” in Law
There is a Latin maxim: de minimis non curat lex: “The law does not care about the smallest thing.” De minimis, in legal terms, means the thing is too trivial or minor to merit consideration.
De Minimis in Intellectual Property Infringement
In the context of intellectual property infringement, the term de minimis has commonly been understood to mean that a defendant carrying out a small number of activities within the scope of a claim might avoid liability for infringement.
Ninth Circuit Rejects Minimal Use Defense in Copyright Case
But in a recent judgment, the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed a district court’s decision in favor of a defendant’s minimal use defense. A retired lawyer took a photo of a skyline and published it on various websites. He registered the photo with the copyright office 11 years later. Then he did an online reverse image search to identify infringers, and subsequently filed over a 100 infringement suits.
One of those defendants filed to have the charges dismissed using the minimal use defense and the District Court agreed. The plaintiff appealed and the Court of Appeals reversed the decision.
Court Explains Why De Minimis Is Not a Defense to Proven Infringement
They ruled that the de minimis defense wasn’t viable because the ‘degree of copying’ was total. It was an identical copy of the picture.
The court reasoned that the de minimis defense isn’t a defense of infringement. It was meant to answer whether the infringing work is substantially similar to the copyrighted work. If a similar work is different enough in substance, then infringement did not occur. But once infringement is established, de minimis is not a defense.
When a De Minimis Analysis Actually Applies
This case clarifies that a de minimis analysis applies to whether similarities between an alleged infringing work and the copyright work are too trivial or minor to merit consideration. It does not allow defendants to escape from liability for trivial amounts of infringement.
Other articles related to copyright issues: Non-Fungible Tokens and Copyrights
Patent Eligibility of Blockchain Inventions
The Australian Patent Office recently handed down a decision clarifying the patent eligibility of blockchain inventions, at least so far as Australian law is concerned.
Blockchain is a kind of database, with information, called blocks, distributed over a peer-to-peer network of individual computers, known as nodes.
The blocks are linked together sequentially to form a continuous chain. Each block contains three elements: data, a unique signature called a hash, and a hash of the previous block.
In the Australian case, an applicant sought patent protection for a recent innovation in blockchain methodology that determines a cryptographic abstract from the data, rather than the data itself, so there would be no privacy risk associated with any leak at the nodes.
An examiner initially rejected claims to that idea as unpatentable since, on the grounds that the invention was not technical in character and required only generic computer implementation. But upon review, the Delegate of the Commissioner of Patents found that the claimed method did, in fact, provide a practical and useful technical solution in preventing breaches of privacy data.
Accordingly, at least in Australia, blockchains are not inherently unpatentable.
Also concerning Australian IP: Australian Design Patent Statute Amendment
Update on IPRs
An Inter Partes Review is a proceeding before the USPTO, which allows third parties to challenge the validity of the claims of an issued patent without going into federal court. This system replaced the prior inter partes reexamination proceeding in 2012.
The USPTO offers a great summary of interesting statistics on IPR’s and other proceedings before the PTAB (Patent Trial and Appeal Board).
A few highlights: Institution rates have gone from about 87% in FY13 to about 56% in FY20. During that same time period, pre-institution settlements have remained about 9% to 12%, and post institution settlements have gone from 90% to only 20%. Of over twelve thousand petitions filed, only about thirty-four hundred have gone to final written decisions. Of the cases that were instituted but not settled, about 21% found all challenged claims unpatentable, and about 7% found all challenged claims patentable.
Prior articles on IPRs: 2020 Update on Patent Office Appeals
New FishFAQ Video: Opposing Patents
There is a new FishFAQ video up on our Fish IP Law YouTube channel. This one covers opposing patents and answers questions about keeping track of competitors patents, how to oppose competing patent apps, how to object to a patent after it issues and licensing.
If you find this helpful, please like the video on YouTube and hit the subscribe button to get new videos as they come out.
Unitary Patent in Europe
Efforts Toward a Unified European Patent System
Since the 1970s, there have been attempts to replace individual European country patents with a unified patent covering participating countries. Currently, there is a partially unified process. One application in one language is filed. However, patent protection must still be sought separately in each individual country.
By 2012, the European Council and European Parliament agreed on EU regulations that would make a unitary patent possible. However, objections among various EU members slowed progress. Nevertheless, the process is now underway again.
The European Unitary Patent and Unified Patent Court
A European Unitary Patent will be a single right covering all participating EU member states. In addition, a Unified Patent Court would have jurisdiction over litigation involving those patents in participating member states.
Ratification Status of the UPC Agreement
Germany recently passed legislation opening the door to ratifying the Unitary Patent Court (UPC) Agreement. However, Germany will not ratify before the main agreement is approved. Specifically, the main agreement is the Protocol on the Provisional Application of the UPCA.
This protocol requires approval by all 13 states. Currently, twelve states have ratified. Therefore, the remaining ratification is expected in autumn of this year.
Benefits of the Unitary Patent System
A unitary patent could provide a more streamlined way to obtain broader protection. Additionally, single renewal fees will be much cheaper for inventors.
Map of Participating European Countries
Effect on Existing European Patent Rights
Patent rights obtained in individual European countries before the UPCA takes effect will remain restricted to national borders. Therefore, they will not automatically become European unitary patents.
For more information on filing for patent protection in foreign countries, see our Foreign Filing section on the Patent FAQ page.